Quick! Let’s learn some minimal vi commands!

In a Vim editor:

• press i to go into insert mode, start typing your text
• press Esc to go back to normal mode
• then write the file and quit with :wq + <Enter>

Congratulations. You have joined the great fraternity of people who know this ancient, revered text editor.

These are the essential commands you will need to get started with git commit messages.

Additional reading:

• Interactive Vim tutorial

In object-oriented programming, the decorator pattern (also known as Wrapper, an alternative naming shared with the Adapter pattern) is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, either statically or dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class.

In functional languages such as Scheme and Haskell, functions are first-class. This means that we can pass functions as arguments to other functions, assign functions to variables, and have them as return values just like any other primitive data types such as integers and strings.

In Python, functions are likewise treated as first-class citizens. In fact, the language provides syntactic sugar known as decorators which makes wrapping functions and function transformations even easier.